Study on the Effect of Different Drying Methods on the Proximate, Nutritional and Mineral Composition of Clarias gariepinus (Catfish)

Aim: This study investigated the effect of modern drying methods on the proximate, nutritional, and mineral composition of Clarias gariepinus in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Methods: Fresh C. gariepinus were purchased from Mile 3 Market in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Samples were dissected using a sharp knife, intestinal components, and gills were removed and the edible portion was washed properly and rinsed with distilled water. Samples were treated in four groups: fresh, smoking using firewood, electric drying (200oC), and non-electric drying (200oC for 30 minutes) methods. Samples were blended using mortar and pestle into powder and kept in an air-tight container prior to analyses. Results: The proximate composition of C. gariepinus revealed that crude protein concentration was in the following proportions; electric drying method (52.16+0.01%), non-electric drying method (43.40+0.00%), smoking method (32.72+0.00%) and fresh (23.01+0.00%). The lipid content of smoked and electric-dried C. gariepinus was significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to the fresh sample. However, there was no significant difference between the lipid content of fresh C. gariepinus sample and non-electric dried sample. The carbohydrate content increased in the smoking and electric drying methods but decreased in the non-electric drying method. The ash content increased only in the smoking method but decreased in both the electric dryer and non-electric dryer methods. Fresh samples had the highest moisture content (74.03+0.00%) while the least was observed in the electric dried sample (38.84+0.00%). The percent anti-nutrient composition of C. gariepinus showed that smoked samples had the highest flavonoid concentration (3.252±0.00%) which was not significantly higher (p>0.05) than the flavonoid content of electric dried C. gariepinus (2.89±0.33). The levels of selected minerals showed varying concentrations of potassium, sodium and calcium for the various processing methods. Conclusion: Modern drying methods had a significant effect on the proximate component, flavonoids, and oxalate composition of C. gariepinus. Electric drying method showed to be a better method of drying Clarias gariepinus compared to other drying methods.

Microbiological Evaluation of Fresh Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Obtained from Selected Markets and Ponds in Minna Metropolis

This research aimed at evaluating the microbiological quality of fresh catfish (Clarias gariepinus) sold in three different markets and ponds in Minna metropolis. The total plate counts from Bosso pond are 2.7 × 102 cfu/mL and 3.8 × 102 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively. Kure pond includes total plate counts of 4.7 × 103 cfu/mL and 3.3 × 102 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively while Mobil pond had total plate counts of 2.5 × 103 cfu/mL and 2.5 × 102 cfu/mL on skin and gills respectively. The total coliforms counts from Bosso pond are 3.8 × 102 cfu/mL and 3.0 × 101 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively. Kure pond includes total coliforms counts of 2.4 × 102 cfu/mL and 2.6 × 102 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively while Mobil pond had total coliforms counts of 4.6 × 103 cfu/mL and 3.2 × 104 cfu/mL on skin and gills respectively. The coliforms count of fresh catfish (Clarias gariepinus) obtained from three markets locations are total coliforms counts from Bosso market are 5.6 × 104 cfu/mL and 4.0 × 105 cfu/mL (Unsatisfactory) for skin and gills respectively. Kure market includes total coliforms counts of 1.6 × 103 cfu/mL and 7.2 × 103 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively while Mobil market had total coliforms counts of 6.0 × 104 cfu/mL and 4.8 × 104 cfu/mL (Marginal) on skin and gills respectively. The fungal count of fresh catfish (Clarias gariepinus) obtained from three markets locations are Bosso market 1.3 × 102 cfu/mL and 1.5 × 101 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively. Kure market 2.0 × 103 cfu/mL and 1.0 × 102 cfu/mL (satisfactory) for skin and gills respectively while Mobil market had total fungal counts of 1.7 × 104 cfu/mL and 1.7 × 102 cfu/mL on skin and gills respectively. The following bacteria were isolated Escherichia coli, Bacillus substilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas species, Streptococcus species, Shigella species and Enterobacter species. The fungi isolated were Rhizopus spp and Aspergillus niger.

Effect of Addition Tempeh Flour on Calcium, Protein, Water Content and Acceptance in Catfish Meatballs

@#Introduction: More than 50% of women in each country suffer from dysmenorrhea.This can be painful during menstruation and affect 50% of a woman’s daily activities. Calcium can reduce muscle cramps after contractions. Tempeh and catfish are calcium-rich foods that people often eat, but the variety of processed products available is limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze the feasibility and compatibility of catfish meatballs with tempeh flour added with SNI fish meatballs as a healthy diet food for reducing dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Method: The research design applied was true experimental with 12 experimental units. The calcium content of the samples was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), the protein content used the Kjeldahl technique, the water content used the Oven method, and the acceptance test used the Hedonic Scale Test on adolescent. Data were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA, and the acceptance test results were analyzed using the Friedman test with significance level α=0.05. The proportion of tempeh flour on catfish meatballs was 0% (P0), 10%, 20% and 30% (P10, P20, and P30). Results: The results showed that the adding tempeh flour could improve the levels of calcium, protein, and acceptability (taste) of catfish meatballs. The addition of 10 percent (P10) tempeh flour was an acceptable composition of the taste, but its value did not differ significantly from other recipes. Conclusion: Catfish meatballs P30 has the highest calcium and protein content. Further research is needed to fine-tune the flavor and confirm its effectiveness in reducing menstrual cramps.

Envenomations caused by fish in Brazil: an evolutionary, morphological, and clinical vision of a neglected problem

ABSTRACT Venomous fish are commonly found in Brazilian waters. The most important marine venomous fish species are stingrays (Dasyatidae, Gimnuridae, Myliobatidae, and Rhinopteridae families), catfish (Ariidae family), scorpionfish and lionfish (both Scorpaenidae family), and toadfish (Batrachoididae family). Meanwhile, Potamotrygonidae stingrays and Pimelodidae catfish are the most important venomous freshwater fish. The mechanisms of envenomation vary and involve various venomous apparatuses and glands. Despite not being highly developed, these venomous apparatuses in fish appear rudimentary, using structures such as fins and rays to inoculate toxins and rarely presenting with specialized structures. Toxins are produced by glandular tissue made up of proteinaceous cells, lacking true glands, and are positioned along the inoculation structures. However, systemic manifestations are rare. No antivenom serum has been developed for any species of American venomous fish. Brazilian venomous fish and their venoms have only recently attracted attention, leading to new studies not only addressing clinical issues in humans, but also exploring the discovery of new active substances with immense pharmacological potential.

Chemical and Sensory Evaluation of Smoked Fish Treated with Ocimum gratissimum Extract

This work aims to the effect of three different concentrations (20%, 40%, and 60%) of Ocimum gratissimum extract on the proximate, mineral composition and sensory acceptability of smoked catfish and mackerel samples. Fresh fish samples were hot smoked in a locally fabricated smoking kiln at 1100C. Results showed that the moisture content of smoked catfish and mackerel was significantly different (P≤0.05) from the control sample. The percentage of crude protein content decreased in smoked catfish and increased in mackerel samples and also differed significantly (P≤0.05) compared with the control. Ash and fat content decreased in smoked fish and the crude fibre content was slightly increased in smoked mackerel. The minerals composition showed a significant difference (P≤0.05) was observed although there were decrease in iodine and potassium content of catfish. There was a significant difference (P≤0.05) in organoleptic scores among the fish samples treated with 20% and 40% Ocimum gratissimum which were significantly higher than the control. This study concluded that Ocimum gratissimum inclusion does not have any adverse effect on the chemical composition of smoked fish sample but could improve their sensory quality.

Age validation and contrasted growth performances of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in two river systems of the Western Amazon

The doncella Pseudoplatystoma punctifer is an economically and ecologically important catfish in the Amazon basin. However, little is known about its age, growth and population dynamics parameters. This study aims to validate the formation of growth marks in vertebrae of individuals collected from two rivers systems of the Peruvian Amazon (Amazon-Marañón-Ucayali and Putumayo) and compare growth parameters using the von Bertalanffy growth function between sexes and systems. A total of 372 individuals from the Amazon-Marañón-Ucayali (AMU) system and 93 from the Putumayo River were analyzed. The formation of one growth ring per year was validated and the individual ages ranged from zero to nine years old. Females grew significantly larger than males in both systems. Both females and males grew significantly better in the AMU system than in the Putumayo River. Maximum observed length and size at maturity in the AMU system were lower than those reported in previous studies in the area, and together with an important proportion of juveniles in the catches, suggest that the species is heavily exploited. Further studies on the reproductive biology and population dynamics of the doncella are needed in order to implement management measures more in line with the current situation.(AU)

La doncella Pseudoplatystoma punctifer es un bagre de importancia económica y ecológica en la cuenca Amazonica. Pese a ello, poco se conoce acerca de parámetros de edad, crecimiento y dinámica poblacional. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo validar la formación de marcas de crecimiento en vértebras de individuos colectados en dos sistemas fluviales de la Amazonia Peruana (Amazonas-Marañón-Ucayali y Putumayo) y comparar los parámetros de crecimiento usando la función de von Bertalanffy entre sexos y sistemas. Fueron analizados 372 individuos del sistema Amazonas-Marañón-Ucayali (AMU) y 93 del Putumayo. Se validó la formación de un anillo de crecimiento por año, la edad osciló entre cero y nueve años. Las hembras fueron significativamente más grandes que los machos en ambos sistemas. Para ambos sexos el crecimiento fue significativamente mayor en el sistema AMU que en el Putumayo. Las máximas tallas y edades de primera madurez observadas en el sistema AMU fueron menores a las reportadas en estudios previos en el área, y junto con un considerable porcentaje de juveniles presentes en las capturas, se sugiere que la especie está siendo fuertemente explotada. Son necesarios estudios de biología reproductiva y dinámica poblacional de doncella para implementar medidas de manejo acordes a la situación actual.(AU)

Life history trait variations and population dynamics of Calophysus macropterus (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in two river systems of the Colombian and Peruvian Amazon

The catfish Calophysus macropterus is heavily exploited in the Amazon basin, yet its life history characteristics are poorly documented, hampering proper fisheries management. In order to fill this gap, monthly sampling in the upper Putumayo River and in the Amazonas, lower Marañón and Ucayali (AMU) rivers were carried out over several years (2013-2015 in the AMU, 2013-2017 in the Putumayo) to provide detailed information about its reproduction, growth and mortality patterns (using length frequency data). Reproduction, which occurs during the dry and early flooding season, was only observed in the upper Putumayo River and not in the sampled portion of the AMU system, suggesting that the species reproduces closer to the Andes than other pimelodid catfishes. Size at first sexual maturity did not differ significantly among sex or among river systems, ranging from 25-28 cm SL. In both river systems, females had a faster growth than males and both genders also tended to have a better growth in the AMU than in the upper Putumayo. Mortality and exploitation estimate all indicated overexploitation of the species in both river systems. The implications of these results for fisheries management and conservation are discussed.(AU)

El bagre Calophysus macropterus está fuertemente explotado en la cuenca Amazónica. Sin embargo, su ciclo de vida está poco documentado, lo que dificulta su gestión pesquera. Para llenar este vacío, se realizaron muestreos mensuales en el alto río Putumayo alrededor de Puerto Leguízamo y en el Amazonas y los ríos bajo Marañón y Ucayali (AMU) cerca de Iquitos durante varios años (2013-2015 en AMU, 2013-2017 en Putumayo) para generar información sobre su reproducción, crecimiento y mortalidad. La reproducción, que se produce durante la estación seca y el inicio de la inundación, sólo se observó en el curso superior del río Putumayo y no en la parte muestreada del sistema de la AMU, lo que sugiere que la especie se reproduce más cerca de los Andes que otros pimelodidos. El tamaño de primera madurez sexual no difirió entre sexos o entre sistemas fluviales, oscilando entre 25-28 cm. En ambos sistemas fluviales, las hembras tuvieron un crecimiento más rápido que los machos y ambos géneros también tendieron a tener un mejor crecimiento en el AMU que en el alto Putumayo. Estimaciones de mortalidad y explotación indicaron una sobreexplotación en ambos sistemas. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la gestión y conservación de las pesquerías.(AU)

Evaluation of eight protocols for genomic DNA extraction of Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes, 1836 (Loricariidae: Siluriformes) / Avaliação de oito protocolos na extração de DNA genômico de Hypostomus commersoni Valenciennes, 1836 (Loricariidae: Siluriformes)

Abstract The principle and the techniques applied in DNA extraction play a pivotal role in the obtention of a purified genetic material. The present study investigates the efficiency of eight protocols in the DNA extraction of Hypostomus commersoni, an essential component of South American freshwater ichthyofauna. The quality of samples was assessed through spectrophotometry, gel electrophoresis, and PCR-RAPD markers amplification. The efficiency of DNA extraction was influenced both by the method applied and the target-tissue of choice. Higher concentrations and yield of DNA were obtained from ocular tissue, with a positive spectrum of incubation in lysis buffer for up to 36 hours after sample collection, using fresh tissues and in the presence of a high concentration of Proteinase K (20 mg.ml-1). In these conditions, samples were successfully amplified. To date, there is no record of description for the parameters analyzed in this work, neither the description of RAPD markers for the species H. commersoni.

Resumo Os princípios e as técnicas aplicadas na extração de DNA desempenham um papel crucial na obtenção de material genético purificado. O presente estudo investiga a eficiência de oito protocolos na extração de DNA de Hypostomus commersoni, um importante componente ictiofaunístico de riachos da América do Sul. A qualidade das amostras foi avaliada por espectrofotometria, eletroforese em gel e amplificação por marcadores de PCR-RAPD. A eficiência da extração de DNA foi influenciada tanto pelo método aplicado quanto pelo tecido-alvo de escolha. Maiores concentrações e rendimento de DNA foram obtidos a partir do tecido ocular, com um espectro positivo de incubação em tampão de lise por até 36 horas após a coleta da amostra, utilizando tecidos frescos e na presença de alta concentração de proteinase K (20 mg.ml-1). Nestas condições, as amostras foram amplificadas com sucesso. Até o momento, não há registro de descrição para os parâmetros analisados neste trabalho, nem a descrição de marcadores RAPD para a espécie H. commersoni.

Histopathological alterations in gills, liver, kidney and muscles of Ictalurus punctatus collected from pollutes areas of River / Alterações histopatológicas em brânquias, fígado, rim e músculos de Ictalurus punctatus coletados em áreas poluídas do rio

Abstract Untreated sewage and industrial wastes from Faisalabad city are disposed to River Chenab through Chakbandi Main Drain (CMD). The present project is planned to investigate the effects of this freshwater pollution on the body of fish Ictalurus punctatus. The specimens of this fish species were collected upstream and downstream of the entrance of CMD into River Chenab. Fish gills, liver, kidney and muscles from dorsolateral regions of fish were subjected to histopathology. Farmed fish and fish from upstream areas were used as control. Fish collected from polluted experimental sites showed significant damage in selected organs. Gill tissues showed an abnormality in the form of an uplifting of the primary epithelium, fusion, vacuolation, hypertrophy, and necrosis. While liver tissues subjected to hepatocytes degeneration, necrosis, mitochondrial granular hepatocyte, and sinusoids dilation. Kidney tissues indicated increased bowmen space and constricted glomerulus and degenerated nephrons. Edema, necrosis, and atrophy were observed in muscle tissues of fish from polluted areas. Fish from the upstream area showed fused gill lamellae, inflammatory cell infiltration, hypertrophy and vacuolation in hepatocytes. Kidney tissues indicated the presence of nuclear tubular cells, destructive renal tubules, hemorrhage, and necrosis at tubular epithelium. Intra myofibril spaces were also observed in muscles. Specimens of control fish indicated no variation in gills, liver, kidney, and muscles. The present study revealed a strong correlation between the degree of tissue damage and environmental contamination. Present findings also compel global warnings to protect our water bodies and fish to rescue the human population.

Resumo O esgoto não tratado e os resíduos industriais da cidade de Faisalabad, no Paquistão, são descartados no Rio Chenab através do dreno principal de Chakbandi (CMD). O presente projeto busca investigar os efeitos dessa poluição de água doce no corpo de peixes Ictalurus punctatus. Os espécimes deste peixe foram coletados a montante e a jusante da entrada do CMD no Rio Chenab. Brânquias, fígado, rim e músculos das regiões dorsolaterais dos peixes foram submetidos à histopatologia. Peixes de criação e peixes de áreas a montante foram utilizados como controle. Peixes coletados em locais experimentais poluídos mostraram danos significativos em órgãos selecionados. Os tecidos branquiais mostraram uma anormalidade na forma de elevação do epitélio primário, fusão, vacuolação, hipertrofia e necrose. Observou-se que os tecidos hepáticos estão sujeitos a degeneração de hepatócitos, necrose, hepatócitos mitocondriais granulares e dilatação de sinusoides. Os tecidos renais indicaram aumento do espaço dos arqueiros, glomérulos contraídos e néfrons degenerados. Edema, necrose e atrofia foram observados nos tecidos musculares de peixes de áreas poluídas. Peixes da área a montante apresentaram lamelas branquiais fundidas, infiltração de células inflamatórias, hipertrofia e vacuolização em hepatócitos. Os tecidos renais indicaram a presença de células tubulares nucleares, túbulos renais destrutivos, hemorragia e necrose no epitélio tubular. Os espaços intramiofibrilas também foram observados nos músculos. Amostras de peixes controle não indicaram variação em brânquias, fígado, rim e músculos. O presente estudo revelou uma forte correlação entre o grau de dano tecidual e a contaminação ambiental. As descobertas atuais também constituem avisos globais para proteger nossos corpos d'água e peixes para resguardar a população humana.

Parasitic monogenoideans of Sciades herzbergii as bioindicators of environmental quality in amazonian estuarines ecosystems / Parasitos monogenóideos de Sciades herzbergii como bioindicadores da qualidade ambiental de ecossistemas estuarinos amazônicos

Abstract This study evaluated the use of gill parasitic monogenoideans from Sciades herzbergii (Siluriformes: Ariidae) as bioindicators of environmental quality in Amazonian estuarine ecosystems. Fish were caught in the tidal channels in an impacted area - IA, near the port of São Luís and a reference area - RA, in the Caeté estuary, Bragança. The influence of the capture site and seasonality on parasite abundance, environmental variables and biometric data of hosts were verified. A total of 416 S. herzbergii specimens were analyzed. The weight and total length of fish from the RA were greater than those of the IA. The relative condition factor was influenced by seasonality. A total of 4,265 monogenoidean specimens from the following species were identified: Chauhanellus boegeri, C. susamlimae, C. velum, Calceostomella herzbergii and Dactylogyridae gen. sp. The seasonal mean parasitic abundance of C. susamlimae was significantly different, with the highest values recorded during the dry season. The mean abundance of C. herzbergii was influenced by seasonality and by the capture site. During the rainy period, the parasite indices in the RA were higher than those of IA. C. herzbergii is a bioindicator sensitive to low water quality, especially in relation to water turbidity in Amazon estuaries.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o uso de monogenóideos parasitos das brânquias de Sciades herzbergii (Siluriformes/Ariidae) como bioindicadores de qualidade ambiental em ecossistemas estuarinos amazônicos. Os peixes foram capturados nos canais das marés em uma área impactada - IA, próxima ao porto de São Luís, e uma área de referência - RA, no estuário do Caeté, Bragança. A influência do local de captura e sazonalidade na abundância do parasita, variáveis ambientais e dados biométricos dos hospedeiros foram verificados. Um total de 416 espécimes de S. herzbergii foram analisados. O peso e o comprimento total dos peixes da RA foram maiores do que os dos IA. O fator de condição relativo foi influenciado pela sazonalidade. Um total de 4.265 espécimes de monogenóideos das seguintes espécies foram identificados: Chauhanellus boegeri, C. susamlimae, C. velum, Calceostomella herzbergii e Dactylogyridae gen. sp. A abundância parasitária média sazonal de C. susamlimae foi significativamente diferente, com os maiores valores registrados durante a estação seca. A abundância média de C. herzbergii foi influenciada pela sazonalidade e pelo local de captura. Durante o período chuvoso, os índices parasitários na RA foram superiores aos da IA. C. herzbergii é um bioindicador sensível à baixa qualidade da água, principalmente em relação à turbidez da água em estuários amazônicos.

The distribution of Cteniloricaria (Siluriformes: Loricariidae): known and new records in Brazil suggest headwater captures as drivers of disjoint distribution

Cteniloricaria is a genus of Neotropical armored catfishes belonging to the Loricariinae, currently including two valid species: C. platystoma and C. napova. Cteniloricaria platystoma is presently recorded across the main coastal drainages of the Guiana Shield, from the Sinnamary River, French Guiana, to the Essequibo River basin, Guyana, and is considered to be restricted to the region. Cteniloricaria napova is only known from its type locality at the headwaters of the Paru de Oeste River, Amazon basin, Sipaliwini Savannah, Trio Amerindian territory in Suriname, close to the Brazilian border. Based on a specimen of C. napova, captured in the Cuminapanema River, a tributary to the Curuá River, within Brazilian territory, the geographic distribution of the species and the genus is extended, representing the first record of Cteniloricaria in Brazil. The genus shows a disjoint distribution, and divergence between populations in the north-flowing coastal rivers of the Guianas and the south-flowing Amazon tributaries, and more recent headwater capture between south-flowing Amazon tributaries, may have played a key role in shaping its current distribution. Illustrations, diagnostic characters, morphometrics, description of the habitat where the new specimen was captured, extinction risk assessment, and a discussion of the distribution of the genus are provided.(AU)

Cteniloricaria é um gênero de cascudos neotropicais pertencente à Loricariinae, atualmente incluindo duas espécies válidas: C. platystoma e C. napova. Atualmente, C. platystoma é registrada nas principais drenagens costeiras do Escudo das Guianas, desde o rio Sinnamary, na Guiana Francesa, até a bacia do rio Essequibo, Guyana, sendo considerada restrita à região. Cteniloricaria napova é conhecida unicamente por sua localidade-tipo nas cabeceiras do rio Paru de Oeste, bacia Amazônica, Savana Sipaliwini, território indígena de Trio, no Suriname, próximo à fronteira com o Brasil. Com base em um espécime de C. napova, capturado no rio Cuminapanema, afluente do rio Curuá, em território brasileiro, a distribuição geográfica da espécie e do gênero se estende até a bacia do rio Curuá, representando o primeiro registro de Cteniloricaria no Brasil. O gênero apresenta uma distribuição disjunta e, eventos como divergência entre as populações dos rios costeiros das Guianas e nos afluentes do Amazonas, e mais recente captura de cabeceiras entre os afluentes do Amazonas, podem ter desempenhado um papel fundamental em sua distribuição atual. São fornecidos ilustrações, caracteres diagnósticos, morfometria, descrição do habitat onde o novo espécime foi capturado, avaliação do risco de extinção e uma discussão sobre a distribuição do gênero.(AU)

New species of Rhyacoglanis (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae) from rio Tocantins basin, northern Brazil

A new species of Rhyacoglanis is described from the rapids of Jatobal, Pará State, Brazil. This species differs from the congeners by fusing hypurals 3, 4, and 5 (vs. hypural 5 free). It also differs from the other species, except for Rhyacoglanis epiblepsis, by the color pattern with numerous dark spots on the body, short post-cleithral process, rounded pectoral and caudal fins, and incomplete lateral line. This species is known only from the type locality, which is currently flooded by the Tucuruí reservoir.(AU)

Uma nova espécie de Rhyacoglanis é descrita das corredeiras de Jatobal, estado do Pará, Brasil. Essa espécie difere das congêneres pela fusão dos hipurais 3, 4 e 5 (vs. hipural 5 livre). Também difere das demais espécies, exceto de Rhyacoglanis epiblepsis, pelo padrão de colorido com inúmeras pintas escuras no corpo, processo pós-cleitral curto, nadadeiras peitoral e caudal arredondadas, e linha lateral incompleta. Essa espécie é conhecida apenas da localidade tipo, que atualmente se encontra inundada pelo reservatório de Tucuruí.(AU)

Domestication strategies for the endangered catfish species Pseudopimelodus mangurus Valenciennes, 1835 (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae) / Estratégias de domesticação das espécies ameaçadas de peixe-gato Pseudopimelodus mangurus Valenciennes, 1835 (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae)

Wild fish domestication can be considered a strategic approach to endangered species conservation, supporting studies and reducing economic and environmental costs. Three of the most important strategies in the domestication processes of fish are the adaptation of wild fish to captivity, the reproduction of the adapted fish and the production and maintenance of the young individuals. That being said, the present study is divided in three experiments: the 1st aimed to adapt wild Pseudopimelodus mangurus to captivity environment using different feeding approaches and a prophylactic strategie; the 2nd aimed to reproduce the adapted individuals from the 1st experiment; and the 3rd aimed to train the P. mangurus juveniles to accept commercial diets. The 1st and 2nd experiments were successful at the maintenance and artificial reproduction of P. mangurus kept in tanks between the reproductive seasons. The results suggest that the reproductive performance of animals kept in captivity (initial relative fertility-IRF = 609.25 ± 36.6 eggs/g) was similar (p > 0,05) to the performance found in wild individuals (IRF = 679.21 ± 45.66 eggs/g). Feed training of P. mangurus juveniles (3rd experiment) was also conducted, evaluating three feeding treatments with different concentrations of bovine heart and ration. At the end of the experiment, the treatment containing half bovine heart and half commercial feeding resulted in the highest values of weight gain (0.10 ± 0.16 g), specific growth rate (0.37 ± 0.11 mm), length (47.78 ± 2.35 mm) and growth (2.15 ± 2.27 mm), suggesting reasonable acceptability to artificial diets in the cultivation of this species. As conclusion, the present study contributes with the development of techniques for the domestication of fresh water fish species with commercial value or andangered of extinction, showing the domestication and reproduction of wild P. mangurus in captivity. However, more studies have to be conducted in order to improve the acceptance of artificial feeding by juveniles and to increase their survival rate.

A domesticação de peixes selvagens pode ser considerada uma abordagem estratégica para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas, apoiando estudos e reduzindo custos econômicos e ambientais. Três das estratégias mais importantes para o processo de domesticação de peixes são a adaptação dos peixes ao cativeiro, a reprodução dos peixes adaptados e a produção e manutenção dos indivíduos jovens. O presente estudo está dividido em três partes: a 1ª objetivou adaptar Pseudopimelodus mangurus selvagens ao ambiente de cativeiro usando diferentes abordagens alimentares e uma estratégia profilática; o 2º objetivou reproduzir os indivíduos adaptados do 1º experimento; e o 3º teve como objetivo treinar os juvenis de P. mangurus para aceitar dietas comerciais. O 1o e 2o experimento obteveram sucesso na manutenção e reprodução artificial de P. mangurus mantidos em tanques entre as estações reprodutivas. Os resultados sugerem que o desempenho reprodutivo dos animais mantidos em cativeiro (fertilidade inicial relativa-FIR = 609,25 ± 36,6 ovos / g) foi similar (p> 0,05) ao dos indivíduos selvagens (FIR = 679,21 ± 45,66 ovos / g). O treinamento alimentar de P. mangurus juvenis (3º experimento) também foi realizado avaliando-se 3 tratamentos alimentares com diferentes concentrações de coração bovino e ração. Ao final do experimento, o tratamento contendo metade coração bovino e metade ração gerou os maiores valores de ganho de peso (0,10 ± 0,16 g), taxa de crescimento específico (0,37 ± 0,11 mm), comprimento (47,78 ± 2,35 mm) e crescimento (2,15 ± 2,27 mm), sugerindo razoável aceitabilidade para dietas artificiais no cultivo desta espécie. Como conclusão, o presente estudo contribui com o desenvolvimento de técnicas para a domesticação espécies de peixes de água doce, de interesse comercial ou ameaçados de extinção, mostrando a domesticação e reproduçao de em cativeiro P. Mangurus selvagens. No entanto, mais estudos devem ser conduzidos no intuito de aumentar a aceitação de dietas comerciais pelos juvenis e melhorar sua taxa sobrevivência.

Morphometry and meristics of two species of Ictalurus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae), native catfishes of Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico

Introduction: Morphotypes of native catfish of the genus Ictalurus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) are known to occur in allopatry in the northern Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico, with only the Yaqui catfish (Ictalurus pricei) taxonomically described. Recent genetic analysis of these morphotypes has revealed the monophyly of the I. pricei complex, which indicates Ictalurus sp. from the Culiacán River and San Lorenzo River basins as its nearest genetic relative and recognizes as an evolutionarily significant unit the Culiacán River and San Lorenzo River morphotypes. Objective: To compare the meristic and morphometric characteristics of the catfish of the Culiacán River basin with its nearest genetic relative, the Yaqui catfish, in order to determine the presence of distinctive morphological characters that support genetic evidence previously reported for these morphotypes. Methods: Catfish specimens were collected during various field expeditions (1990-2012) to remote sites of the Sierra Madre Occidental and conducted in the Yaqui River and Culiacán River basins with the purpose of morphological comparison. Forty-five morphological characters (40 morphometric and five meristic) were examined in 76 adult specimens - 52 Ictalurus sp. and 24 Ictalurus pricei. Three groups were subject to a discriminant function analysis (DFA), including two Ictalurus sp. groups from the Humaya River and Tamazula River sub-basins, representing the Culiacán River basin, and one I. pricei group representing the Yaqui River basin. The standardized measurements and meristic data of the catfish morphotypes were compared by means of DFA. Results: The DFA revealed 12 characters to be significantly different (P< 0.01) among the groups compared. The morphological characters separating the Ictalurus sp. (Culiacán River basin) from the Yaqui catfish were associated with lower anal, pelvic and pectoral fin ray numbers, shorter head and predorsal lengths, shorter longest lateral barbel and longest dorsal ray lengths and a narrower premaxilar dentary plate; and finally longer distances in Ictalurus sp. for dorsal-fin origin to last anal-fin ray base and dorsal-fin origin to posterior end of the adipose fin base. The standardized coefficients for canonical variables 1 and 2 accounted for 85.6 % and 14.4 % of the total variation, respectively. Conclusions: The distinctive morphological characters of the Ictalurus sp. found in the Culiacán River basin, combined with the known mitochondrial evidence for this morphotype, identify it as an evolutionarily significant unit that requires description as a new species based on taxonomical protocols.

Introducción: Morfotipos de bagres nativos del género Ictalurus (Siluriformes: Ictaluridae) se distribuyen de manera alopátrica en el norte de la Sierra Madre Occidental, de los cuales solo el bagre Yaqui (Ictalurus pricei) ha sido taxonómicamente descrito. Análisis genéticos recientes de esos morfotipos han revelado la monofilia del complejo I. pricei, que incluyó a Ictalurus sp. de las cuencas de los ríos Culiacán y San Lorenzo como su pariente genético más cercano, además del reconocimiento de los morfotipos de los ríos Culiacán and San Lorenzo como una unidad evolutivamente significativa. Objetivo: Comparar características merísticas y morfométricas del bagre de la cuenca del río Culiacán con su pariente genético más cercano, el bagre Yaqui, con el propósito de determinar la presencia de caracteres morfológicos distintivos en apoyo a evidencia genética previamente reportada para esos morfotipos. Métodos: Especímenes de bagres fueron recolectados durante varias expediciones de campo (1990-2012) en sitios remotos de la Sierra Madre Occidental en las cuencas de los ríos Yaqui y Culiacán para comparación morfológica. Cuarenta y cinco caracteres morfológicos (40 morfométricos y cinco merísticos) fueron examinados en 76 especímenes adultos (52 de Ictalurus sp. y 24 de Ictalurus pricei). Medidas corporales estandarizadas y datos merísticos de los morfotipos de bagres estudiados fueron comparados por medio de un análisis de función discriminante (AFD). Resultados: El AFD arrojó 12 caracteres significativamente diferentes (P< 0.01) entre los grupos comparados. Los caracteres morfológicos que distinguen al bagre del río Culiacán del bagre Yaqui, estuvieron asociados con un menor número de radios anales, pélvicos y pectorales, así como dimensiones más pequeñas para la longitud de la cabeza, longitud predorsal, longitud de la barbilla lateral más larga, longitud del radio dorsal más largo y una menor anchura de la placa dentaria premaxilar; y finalmente, dimensiones mayores en Ictalurus sp. (cuenca del río Culiacán) para distancias como origen de aleta dorsal a la base del último radio anal y origen de aleta dorsal a conexión posterior de aleta adiposa. Los coeficientes estandarizados para las variables canónicas 1 y 2 explicaron el 85.6 y 14.4 % de la variación total, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los caracteres morfológicos distintivos de Ictalurus sp. de la cuenca del río Culiacán, en combinación con la evidencia mitocondrial conocida para este mismo morfotipo, permite reconocerlo como una unidad evolutivamente significativa y que requiere ser descrita como una especie nueva bajo los protocolos taxonómicos.

Hand perforation caused by a Gafftopsail catfish (bagre marinus) in a fisherman from Northeastern Brazil / Perfuração da mão por bagre branco (bagre marinus) em pescador do nordeste do Brasil

A 39-year-old male fisherman from Ceará State in Northeastern Brazil presented to the emergency room complaining of intense pain, edema, and bleeding in his left hand (Figure 1A-1B), He had a recent history of traumatism with hand perforation caused by the stinger of a gafftopsail catfish (Bagre marinus) (Figure 2A-2C). The injury occurred 4 hours prior when pulling his fishnet in the ocean. Right after the injury, the patient presented local pain and classified as eight in a visual analogue scale of pain. He denied systemic symptoms such as fever. On physical examination, he presented with two perforations separated by about 2 cm with slight bleeding (Figure 1A), local edema, and pain in his left hand (Figure 1B). Local cleansing of the lesion was performed. He was advised to apply warm compresses and used analgesics/anti-inflammatory drugs with the improvement of the inflammation. Systemic antibiotics were not necessary.

Um pescador de 39 anos, natural do Ceará, na região Nordeste do Brasil, deu entrada na emergência com queixa de dor intensa, edema e sangramento no dorso da mão esquerda (figura 1A-1B). Ele apresentava história recente de trauma na mão por ferrão de bagre branco (bagre marinus). A lesão ocorreu durante o ato de puxar a rede do oceano, quatro horas antes do atendimento. Logo após a lesão, apresentou dor intensa, nota 8 na escala visual analógica de dor. Ele negou sintomas sistêmicos, como febre. No exame físico, apresentava duas perfurações separadas por cerca de 2 cm com leve sangramento (figura 1A), edema e dor na mão esquerda (figura 1B). Foi realizada limpeza da lesão. Alem disso, foi orientado a aplicar compressas mornas e fazer uso de analgésicos /anti-inflamatórios para a melhora da inflamação. Antibióticos sistêmicos não foram necessários.

Comparative cytogenetic analyses in Ancistrus species (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)

Ancistrus is a specious genus of armored catfishes that has been extensively used for cytogenetic studies in the last 17 years. A comparison of the extensive karyotypic plasticity within this genus is presented with new cytogenetic analysis for Ancistrus cf. multispinis and Ancistrus aguaboensis. This study aims to improve our understanding of chromosomal evolution associated with changes in the diploid number (2n) and the dispersion of ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs) within Ancistrus. Ancistrus cf. multispinis and A. aguaboensis exhibit 2n of 52 and 50 chromosomes, respectively. Given that A. cf. multispinis shares a 2n = 52 also found in Pterygoplichthyini, the sister group for Ancistrini, a Robertsonian (Rb) fusion event is proposed for the 2n reduction in A. aguaboensis. 5S rDNAs pseudogenes sites have already been associated with Rb fusion in Ancistrus and our analysis suggests that the 2n reduction in A. aguaboensis was triggered by double strand breaks (DSBs) and chromosomal rearrangements at 5S rDNA sites. The presence of evolutionary breakpoint regions (EBRs) into rDNA cluster is proposed to explain part of the Rb fusion in Ancistrus. Cytogenetic data presented extends the diversity already documented in Ancistrus to further understand the role of chromosomal rearrangements in the diversification of Ancistrini.(AU)

Ancistrus é um gênero rico em espécies de peixes conhecidos como cascudos e tem sido alvo de estudos citogenéticos nos últimos 17 anos. Uma comparação da plasticidade presente no gênero é apresentada com novas análises citogenéticas para Ancistrus cf. multispinis e Ancistrus aguaboensis. Este estudo visa melhorar nossa compreensão da evolução cromossômica associada as alterações do número diploide (2n) e a dispersão de DNAs ribossômicos (rDNAs) em Ancistrus. Ancistrus cf. multispinis e A. aguaboensis apresentaram 2n de 52 e 50 cromossomos, respectivamente. Visto que A. cf. multispinis compartilha 2n = 52 também encontrado em Pterygoplichthyini, o grupo irmão para Ancistrini, um evento de fusão Robertsoniana (Rb) é proposto para a redução do 2n em A. aguaboensis. Sítios de pseudogenes de rDNA 5S já foram associados a eventos de fusão Rb em Ancistrus e nossas análises sugerem que a redução do 2n em A. aguaboensis foi desencadeada por quebras na dupla fita e rearranjos cromossômicos em sítios de rDNA 5S. A presença de evolutionary breakpoint regions (EBRs) em clusters de rDNA foi proposta para explicar parte da fusão Rb em Ancistrus. Os dados citogenéticos apresentados ampliam a diversidade já documentada em Ancistrus visando melhor entender o papel dos rearranjos cromossômicos na diversificação de Ancistrini.(AU)

Evidence for the true type-locality of Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae), and the geographical origin and invalid neotype designation of four of its synonyms

Historical information on the probable type-locality of Pimelodus quelen and of its four junior synonyms that share the same neotype, Pimelodus namdia, Pimelodus sebae, Heterobranchus sextentaculatus, and Silurus rivularis, is presented and discussed. The neotype designation for those four species is deemed invalid for not complying with the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, making it technically possible to revalidate any of the four taxa from the synonymy of Rhamdia quelen without having to address the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. The type-locality of both Curimata gilbert and Callichthys asper are also restricted to rio Macacu at the village of Japuíba, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.(AU)

São apresentadas e discutidas informações históricas sobre as prováveis localidades-tipo de Pimelodus quelen e seus quatro sinônimos juniores que compartilham o mesmo neótipo, Pimelodus namdia, Pimelodus sebae, Heterobranchus sextentaculatus e Silurus rivularis. A designação do neótipo para essas quatro espécies é considerada inválida por não estar em conformidade com as disposições do Código Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica, tornando tecnicamente possível revalidar qualquer um dos quatro táxons da sinonímia de Rhamdia quelen sem ter que apelar à Comissão Internacional de Nomenclatura Zoológica. As localidades-tipo de Curimata gilbert e Callichthys asper também são restringidas ao rio Macacu na vila de Japuíba, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.(AU)

Redescription of Ancistrus greeni (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), and description of a new species from the río Madre de Dios basin, Peru

A new species of Ancistrus is described from minor tributaries of the río Madre de Dios basin (Cusco - Madre de Dios - Puno), in Peru. The new species shares with A. greeni an uncommon unicusp dentition; but it is distinguished from A. greeni by a larger orbital diameter, deeper caudal peduncle, and larger adipose-fin spine. The redescription of A. greeni is provided, and its recognition along with the discovery of this new species increases to five the officially number of Ancistrus species from the río Madre de Dios basin. The lectotype and paralectotype of A. greeni are provided.(AU)

Uma nova espécie de Ancistrus é descrita de pequenos tributários da bacia do rio Madre de Dios (Cusco - Madre de Dios - Puno), no Peru. A nova espécie compartilha com A. greeni uma dentição unicuspidada pouco comum e é diagnosticada de A. greeni pelo maior diâmetro orbital, maior altura do pedúnculo caudal e maior espinho da nadadeira adiposa. A redescrição de A. greeni é fornecida, e seu reconhecimento juntamente com a descoberta dessa nova espécie incrementam para cinco o número oficial de Ancistrus registradas para a bacia do rio Madre de Dios. O lectótipo e paralectótipo de A. greeni são fornecidos.(AU)

Effect of Functional Feed Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Oil and Probiotic Enterococcus faecium IS-27526 on Lipid Profile of Aged Atherogenic Female Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

@#Introduction: Catfish oil contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Polyunsaturated fatty acid contributes to maintain the lipid profile. Enterococcus faecium IS-27526 is a novel indigenous probiotic of dadih origin. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of probiotic and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) based functional feed on lipid profile of aged female Cynomolgus monkey/CM (Macaca fascicularis) fed with atherogenic diet. Methods: Nine CMs were randomly devided into 3 groups, in single blind intervention study for 90 days , namely: A1= atherogenic diet as control positive, A2= probiotic, A3= probiotic + catfish oil after 45 days adaptation period. The average of CM’s bodyweight was in a range of 3 to 4 kg. The main ingredients of atherogenic diet were catfish flour, egg, sugar, egg yolk flour, and condiments. Serum lipid profile was assessed monthly by Cholesterol Oxidase-Peroxidase Aminoantipyrine (CHOP-POD) methods for cholesterol, LDL and HDL, while Glycerol-3-Phosphate Oxidase Peroxidase-Antiperoxidase (GPO-PAP) method for Triglyceride. Results: Atherogenic diet did not significantly affect appetite and bodyweight of the animals (p=0,12). The atherogenic diet significantly increased cholesterol and LDL level of animals (p=0.03 and p = 0.04) after 90 days administration . The CMs fed with probiotic E. faecium IS-27526 and catfish oil showed significant higher serum cholesterol (p=0,03) and LDL levels (p=0,04) compared to atherogenic diet alone and atherogic diet with probiotic E. faecium IS-27526. Probiotic E. faecium IS-27526 at 108 cfu/day stabilized the cholesterol and LDL level after 90 days administration compared with other groups of intervention. The TG and HDL of each group showed within normal range during the whole intervention study. Conclusion: Atherogenic feed significantly increased cholesterol and LDL level of CMs. Probiotic E. faecium IS-27526 showed a potential beneficial effect in maintaining lipid profile and could prevent dyslipidemia.

Characterization of High Protein Liquid Food Formula Containing Catfish (Clarias gariepinus sp) Flour and Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaf Powder for Burn Patients

@#Introduction: Burn patients need a high nutritional requirement to increase healing process, especially protein. Catfish flour is one of the foods that are high in protein, and Moringa flour is a food that is high in antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to characterize nutrients from high-protein liquid food formulas containing catfish flour and mori nga leaf flour. Methods: Liquid food formula consists of 45 grams catfish flour, 18 grams Mori nga leaf flour, 24 grams soy flour, 18 grams egg white flour, 48 grams full cream milk, 60 gram skim milk, 7.5 ml catfish oi I, 12 ml olive oil, 44 grams sugar powder, and 2 ml pandan flavoring, and 1.5 grams salt. All powdered ingredients were mixed using a dry mixer. Then during the process, catfish oil, olive oil, and pandan flavor were adsorbed using a sprayer into the powdered ingredients. The chemical characterization that analyzed in instant liquid food formula was proximate analysis and mineral analysis. Results: The resuIts of this study were; the formula of high protein liquid food contains 5.79% wb water content, 4.84% wb ash content, protein 28.25% wb, fat 14.99% wb, copper 35.58 mg/kg wb, selenium 56.56 mcg/1 00gram wb, zinc 3.44 mg/100 wb gram, calcium 1381.22 mg/100 grams wb, and iron 7.38 mg/100 grams wb. Also, this liquid food has an osmolality of 481 mOsmol/kgH2O. Conclusion: The liquid food qualifies as a high protein liquid food to fill the nutrients needed for burn patients.